Electronic device

ABSTRACT

An electronic device is provided and includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectric conversion layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode including an amorphous oxide including a quaternary compound including one or more of indium, gallium and aluminum and further including zinc and oxygen, the first electrode having a laminated structure including a first B layer and a first A layer from a photoelectric conversion layer side, and a work function value of the first A layer of the first electrode being lower than a work function of the first B layer of the first electrode.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 16/255,090, filed on Jan. 23, 2019, which application is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/249,054, filed on Apr. 9,2014, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,236,396 on Mar. 19, 2019, which claimspriority to Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2013-081990 filed inthe Japan Patent Office on Apr. 10, 2013, and Japanese Priority PatentApplication JP 2014-043640 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Mar. 6,2014, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to an electronic device, a solid stateimaging apparatus to which the electronic device is mounted, and amethod of producing an electrode for the electronic device.

In general, an electronic device including a photoelectric conversionelement such as an image sensor has a structure that a photoelectricconversion site is sandwiched between two electrodes. Such aphotoelectric conversion element is well-known from Japanese PatentApplication Laid-open No. 2007-067194. An organic photoelectricconversion element disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-openNo. 2007-067194 is configured of a lower electrode, an organic layer andan upper electrode laminated in this order. At least one of the lowerand upper electrodes is a transparent electrode. One of the electrodescollects electrons, and the other electrode collects holes to read out aphotocurrent. The one electrode collecting electrons is the transparentelectrode, and has a work function of 4.5 eV or less. On the other hand,the other electrode collecting holes has the work function of 4.5 eV ormore.

SUMMARY

Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-067194 specifies a workfunction value of the one electrode collecting electrons and a workfunction value of the other electrode collecting holes. However, thereis no description about a difference between the work function value ofthe one electrode collecting electrons and the work function value ofthe other electrode collecting holes. Also, there is no descriptionabout optimization of the work function of the electrode collectingelectrons. Further, there is no description about an internal electricfield generated in the organic layer from the standpoint of an internalquantum efficiency improvement.

It is desirable to provide an electronic device having a configurationthat a difference between work function values of two electrodes can beoptimized and the internal quantum efficiency can be improved, a solidstate imaging apparatus to which the electronic device is mounted, and amethod of producing an electrode for the electronic device. In addition,it is also desirable to provide an electronic device having aconfiguration that the work function of the electrode collectingelectrons can be optimized, a solid state imaging apparatus to which theelectronic device is mounted, and a method of producing an electrode forthe electronic device.

According to a first embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided an electronic device including a first electrode, a secondelectrode and a photoelectric conversion layer sandwiched between thefirst electrode and the second electrode.

The first electrode includes an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium (In), gallium (Ga) and/or aluminum (Al),zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O).

According to a second embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided an electronic device including a first electrode, a secondelectrode and a photoelectric conversion layer sandwiched between thefirst electrode and the second electrode.

The first electrode includes an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium (In), gallium (Ga) and/or aluminum (Al),zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O).

The first electrode has a laminated structure including a first B layerand a first A layer from a photoelectric conversion layer side.

A work function value of the first A layer of the first electrode islower than a work function of the first B layer of the first electrode.

According to a first or second embodiment of the present disclosure,there is provided a solid state imaging apparatus to which theabove-described first or second electronic device is mounted.

According to a first embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceincluding a first electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectricconversion layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the secondelectrode.

The first electrode includes an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium (In), gallium (Ga) and/or aluminum (Al),zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O).

A difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode is 0.4 eV or more.

An oxygen gas introduction amount (an oxygen gas partial pressure) iscontrolled when the first electrode is formed by a sputtering method tocontrol the work function value of the first electrode.

According to a second embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceincluding a first electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectricconversion layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the secondelectrode.

The first electrode includes an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium (In), gallium (Ga) and/or aluminum (Al),zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O).

The first electrode has a laminated structure including a first B layerand a first A layer from a photoelectric conversion layer side.

A work function value of the first A layer of the first electrode islower than a work function of the first B layer of the first electrode.

An oxygen gas introduction amount (an oxygen gas partial pressure) iscontrolled when the first electrode is formed by a sputtering method tocontrol the work function values of the first A layer and the first Blayer of the first electrode.

In the electronic device or the solid state imaging apparatus accordingto a first embodiment of the present disclosure, the difference betweenthe work function value of the second electrode and the work functionvalue of the first electrode is specified. When a bias voltage isapplied between the first electrode and the second electrode, theinternal quantum efficiency can be improved, and a dark current can besuppressed. In the electronic device or the solid state imagingapparatus according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure,the first electrode has a bilayer of the first A layer and the first Blayer, and a difference between the work function value of the first Blayer and the work function value of the first A layer is specified.Therefore, the work function of the first electrode can be optimized,thereby exchanging (migrating) carriers more easily.

In the method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to a first embodiment of the present disclosure, the oxygengas introduction amount (the oxygen gas partial pressure) is controlledwhen the first electrode is formed by a sputtering method to control thework function value of the first electrode. As a result, a largeinternal electric field can be generated in the photoelectric conversionlayer based on the difference between the work function values, therebyimproving the internal quantum efficiency. In addition, an electronicdevice being capable of suppressing a dark current can be generatedsimply. In the method of producing an electrode for the electronicdevice according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure, theoxygen gas introduction amount (the oxygen gas partial pressure) iscontrolled when the first electrode is formed by a sputtering method tocontrol the work function values of the first 1A layer and the first Blayer of the first electrode. As a result, the work function of thefirst electrode can be optimized.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become more apparent in light of the following detaileddescription of best mode embodiments thereof, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings.

Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will beapparent from the following Detailed Description and the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B each is a schematic partial sectional view of asubstrate for illustrating a method of producing an electronic deviceaccording to a first embodiment and a method of producing an electrodefor the electronic device according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 1C is a schematic partial sectional view of an electronic deviceaccording to a second embodiment;

FIG. 2A is a graph showing a relationship between an oxygen gasintroduction amount (an oxygen gas partial pressure) when a firstelectrode is formed by a sputtering method and a work function value ofthe first electrode;

FIG. 2B is a graph showing an I-V curve of electronic devices accordingto the first embodiment, a second embodiment and a first comparativeembodiment;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are conceptual views of energy diagrams of electronicdevices according to the first embodiment and the first comparativeembodiment, respectively;

FIGS. 3C and 3D are conceptual views showing correlations of thedifferences between work function values and energy diagrams ofelectronic devices according to the first embodiment and the firstcomparative embodiment, respectively

FIG. 4A is a graph showing a correlation of a difference between aninternal quantum efficiency and a work function value of an electronicdevice according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 4B is a graph showing a correlation of a difference between a darkcurrent and a work function value of an electronic device according to afirst embodiment;

FIG. 5A is a graph showing a correlation of a difference between aninternal quantum efficiency and a work function value of an electronicdevice according to a second embodiment;

FIG. 5B is a graph showing a correlation of a difference between a darkcurrent and a work function value of an electronic device according to asecond embodiment;

and

FIG. 6 is a conceptual view of a solid state imaging apparatus accordingto a third embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present disclosure will be describedwith reference to the drawings. It should be noted that the presentinvention is not limited to the embodiments described below. Thenumerals and materials cited in Embodiments are only illustrative. Theembodiments of the present disclosure will be described in the followingorder.

1. Electronic Device, Solid State Imaging Apparatus, and Method ofProducing Electrode for Electronic Device according to First or SecondEmbodiment of Present Disclosure, General Description

2. First Embodiment (Electronic Device and Method of Producing Electrodefor Electronic Device according to First Embodiment of PresentDisclosure)

3. Second Embodiment (Electronic Device and Method of ProducingElectrode for Electronic Device according to Second Embodiment ofPresent Disclosure)

4. Third Embodiment (Solid State Imaging Apparatus according to First orSecond Embodiment of Present Disclosure), Others

[Electronic Device, Solid State Imaging Apparatus, and Method ofProducing Electrode for Electronic Device according to First or SecondEmbodiment of Present Disclosure, General Description]

An electronic device according to a first embodiment of the presentdisclosure, an electronic device configuring the solid state imagingapparatus according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure, andan electronic device provided by the method of producing the electrodefor the electronic device according to a first embodiment of the presentdisclosure may be hereinafter referred collectively to as “electronicdevices according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure”). Anelectronic device according to a second embodiment of the presentdisclosure, an electronic device configuring the solid state imagingapparatus according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure,and an electronic device provided by the method of producing theelectrode for the electronic device according to a second embodiment ofthe present disclosure may be hereinafter referred collectively to as“electronic devices according to a second embodiment of the presentdisclosure”). A method of producing an electrode for the electronicdevice according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure and amethod of producing an electrode for the electronic device according toa second embodiment of the present disclosure may be hereinafterreferred collectively to as “methods of producing the electrodes in theelectronic devices according to the present disclosure”).

In the electronic devices according to a first embodiment of the presentdisclosure or in the method of producing an electrode for the electronicdevice according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure, adifference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode being 0.4 eV or more,thereby, based on the difference between the work function values,generating an internal electric field in the photoelectric conversionlayer to improve an internal quantum efficiency.

In the electronic devices according to a second embodiment of thepresent disclosure or in the method of producing an electrode for theelectronic device according to a second embodiment of the presentdisclosure, a difference between the work function value of the first Alayer of the first electrode and the work function of the first B layerof the first electrode is desirably 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV, and a differencebetween a work function value of the second electrode and a workfunction value of the first electrode being 0.4 eV or more.

In the electronic devices according to the second embodiment of thepresent disclosure or in the method of producing an electrode for theelectronic device according to the second embodiment of the presentdisclosure, the first electrode has a thickness of 1×10−8 m to 1×10−7 m.A ratio between the thickness of the first A layer of the firstelectrode and the thickness of the first B layer of the first electrodecan be 9/1 to 1/9. In order to diminish effects of oxygen atoms oroxygen molecules on the photoelectric conversion layer, the first Blayer of the first electrode is more desirably thinner than the first Alayer of the first electrode. In the electronic devices according to thefirst embodiment of the present disclosure including the above-describedembodiments or in the method of producing an electrode for theelectronic device according to the first embodiment of the presentdisclosure, the first electrode has a thickness of 1×10−8 m to 1×10−7 m.

In the electronic devices according to the second embodiment of thepresent disclosure including the above-described embodiments or in themethod of producing an electrode for the electronic device according tothe second embodiment of the present disclosure, a difference between awork function value of the second electrode and a work function value ofthe first A layer of the first electrode being 0.4 eV or more, thereby,based on the difference between the work function values, generating aninternal electric field in the photoelectric conversion layer todesirably improve an internal quantum efficiency.

In the electronic devices according to the first to the secondembodiments of the present disclosure including a variety of theabove-described embodiments and the methods of producing the electrodesin the electronic devices according to the present disclosure, the workfunction value of the first electrode is not limited, but can be 4.1 eVto 4.5 eV, for example.

In the electronic devices according to the first to the secondembodiments of the present disclosure including a variety of theabove-described embodiments and the methods of producing the electrodesin the electronic devices according to the present disclosure, the firstelectrode is composed of a transparent conductive material such asindium gallium complex oxide (IGO), indium-doped gallium zinc complexoxide (IGZO, In—GaZnO4), aluminum oxide-doped zinc oxide (AZO), indiumzinc complex oxide (IZO) and gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO). The firstelectrode composed of the transparent conductive material has the workfunction value of 4.1 eV to 4.5 eV, for example. In the electronicdevices according to the first to the second embodiments of the presentdisclosure or in the methods of producing the electrodes in theelectronic devices according to the present disclosure, the secondelectrode is composed of indium tin complex oxide (ITO), indium zinccomplex oxide (IZO) and tin oxide (SnO2). The second electrode composedof the transparent conductive material has the work function value of4.8 eV to 5.0 eV, for example.

In the electronic devices according to the first to the secondembodiments of the present disclosure or in the methods of producing theelectrodes in the electronic devices according to the presentdisclosure, the first electrode has desirably light transmittance of 80%or more at wavelengths of 400 nm to 660 nm. Also, the second electrodehas desirably light transmittance of 80% or more at wavelengths of 400nm to 660 nm. Furthermore, in the electronic devices according to thefirst to the second embodiments of the present disclosure or in themethods of producing the electrodes in the electronic devices accordingto the present disclosure including the above-described embodiments andconfigurations, the first electrode has desirably a sheet resistancevalue of 3×10 Ω/square to 1×103 Ω/square.

In the electronic devices according to the first to the secondembodiments of the present disclosure including the above-describedembodiments and configurations, the oxygen gas introduction amount (theoxygen gas partial pressure) is controlled when the first electrode isformed by a sputtering method, thereby controlling the work functionvalue of the first electrode. Also, the oxygen gas introduction amount(the oxygen gas partial pressure) is controlled when the first electrodeis formed by a sputtering method, thereby controlling the work functionvalues of the first A layer and the first B layer of the firstelectrode. Moreover, in the electronic devices according to the first tothe second embodiments of the present disclosure including theabove-described embodiments and configurations, an oxygen content rateof the first electrode is less than an oxygen content rate of astoichiometric composition. Based on the oxygen content rate, the workfunction value of the first electrode can be controlled. The lower theoxygen content rate of the first electrode than the oxygen content rateof the stoichiometric composition is, i.e., the higher oxygen defectsare, the lower the work function value is. The oxygen content of thefirst A layer of the first electrode is lower than that of the first Blayer of the first electrode.

In the electronic devices according to the first to the secondembodiments of the present disclosure including the above-describedembodiments and configurations, the electronic device is a photoelectricconversion element. In the methods of producing the electrodes in theelectronic devices according to the present disclosure, the electrodecan be used for the photoelectric conversion element.

In the methods of producing the electrodes in the electronic devicesaccording to the present disclosure including a variety of theembodiments, an oxygen content rate of the first electrode is less thanan oxygen content rate of a stoichiometric composition. In the method ofproducing the electrode for the electronic device according to thesecond embodiment of the present disclosure, the oxygen content of thefirst A layer of the first electrode is lower than that of the first Blayer of the first electrode.

In the electronic devices according to the first to the secondembodiments of the present disclosure (hereinafter may be referredcollectively to as “electronic devices according to the presentdisclosure) including the above-described embodiments andconfigurations, the first electrode is formed on the substrate, thephotoelectric conversion layer is formed on the first electrode, and thesecond electrode is formed on the photoelectric conversion layer, or thesecond electrode is formed on the substrate, the photoelectricconversion layer is formed on the second electrode, and the firstelectrode is formed on the photoelectric conversion layer. In otherwords, the present electronic devices have a two-terminal electronicdevice structure including the first electrode and the second electrode.However, the present electronic devices are not limited thereto, and mayhave a three-terminal electronic device structure further including acontrol electrode. When a voltage is applied to the control electrode, aflowing current can be modulated. Examples of the three-terminalelectronic device structure include the same structure or configurationas a so-called bottom gate/bottom contact type, bottom gate/top contacttype, top gate/bottom contact type, or top gate/top contact type fieldeffect transistor (FET). The first electrode can function as a cathode(negative) electrode (in other words, an electrode for taking outelectrons), and the second electrode can function as an anode (positive)electrode (in other words, an electrode for taking out holes). Aplurality of electronic devices including the photoelectric conversionlayers having different light absorption spectra may be laminated. Forexample, the substrate may be a silicon semiconductor substrate. On thesilicon semiconductor substrate, a driving circuit and a photoelectricconversion layer for the electronic device may be disposed. Theelectronic devices may be laminated on the silicon semiconductorsubstrate.

The photoelectric conversion layer may be amorphous or crystal. As anorganic material of the photoelectric conversion layer, an organicsemiconductor material, an organic metal compound, an organicsemiconductor microparticle, a metal oxide semiconductor, an inorganicsemiconductor microparticle, a material including a core member coveredwith a shell member, and an organic-inorganic hybrid compound can beused.

Examples of the organic semiconductor material include an organic dyesuch as quinacridone and a derivative thereof, a dye where a precedingcycle (metal left side periodic table) ion is chelated with an organicmaterial such as Alq3 [tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (III)], an organicmetal dye complex formed by a transition metal ion and an organicmaterial such as phthalocyanine zinc (II), dinaphthothienothiophene(DNTT) and the like.

As the organic metal compound, the dye where the preceding cycle ion ischelated with the organic material or the organic metal dye complexformed by the transition metal ion and the organic material can be used.Examples of the organic semiconductor microparticle include an organicdye aggregate such as the above-described quinacridone and thederivative thereof, a dye aggregate where the preceding cycle ion ischelated with the organic material, an organic metal dye aggregatecomplex formed by the transition metal ion and the organic material,Prussian blue where a metal ion is cross-linked with cyano groups or acomplex aggregate thereof.

Examples of the metal oxide semiconductor and the inorganicsemiconductor microparticle include ITO, IGZO, ZnO, IZO, IrO2, TiO2,SnO2, SiOx, a metal chalcogen semiconductor containing chalcogen [forexample, sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te)] (specifically, CdS,CdSe, ZnS, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, PbSe), ZnO, CdTe, GaAs and Si.

Examples of the material including the core member covered with theshell member, i.e., a combination of the core member and the shellmember, include an organic material such as polystyrene and polyanilineand a metal material that is difficult or easy to be ionized. Examplesof the organic-inorganic hybrid compound include Prussian blue where ametal ion is cross-linked with cyano groups or a derivative thereof,metal ions endlessly cross-linked with pipyridines, and a coordinationpolymer that is a collective term of metal ions cross-linked withmultivalent ion acid such as oxalic acid and rubeanic acid.

The photoelectric conversion layer is formed by a coating method, aphysical vapor deposition (PVD) method or a variety of chemical vapordeposition (CVD) method including a MOCVD method, depending on thematerial used. Examples of the coating method include a variety ofprinting methods such as a spin coating method, an immersion method, acast method, a screen printing method, an inkjet printing method, anoffset printing method and a gravure printing method; a stamp method; aspray method; a variety of coating method such as an air doctor coatermethod, a blade coater method, a rod coater method, a knife coatermethod, a squeeze coater method, a reverse roll coater method, atransfer roll coater method, a gravure coater method, a kiss coatermethod, a cast coater method, a spray coater method, a slit orificecoater method and a calendar coater method. In the coating method, anon-polar or low polar organic solvent such as toluene, chloroform,hexane and ethanol can be used. Examples of the PVD method include avariety of vacuum vapor deposition methods such as an electron beamheating method, a resistive heating method and a flash vapor deposition;a plasma vapor deposition method; a variety of sputtering methods suchas a diode sputtering method, a DC (direct current) sputtering method, aDC magnetron sputtering method, a high frequency sputtering method, amagnetron sputtering method, an ion beam sputtering method and a biassputtering method; and a variety of ion plating methods such as a DCmethod, an RF method, a multicathode method, an activation reactionmethod, an electric field vapor deposition method, a high frequency ionplating method, and a reactive ion plating method.

The photoelectric conversion layer has a non-limiting thickness of1×10−10 m to 5×10−7 m.

The first electrode is formed by the sputtering method. Specifically,the sputtering method includes a magnetron sputtering method, a parallelflat plate sputtering method, and a plasma generation method using DCdischarge or RF discharge. According to the present disclosure, the workfunction can be advantageously controlled by an oxygen flow rate (theoxygen gas introduction amount, the oxygen gas partial pressure).

The second electrode is formed by the PVD method such as a vacuum vapordeposition method, a reactive vapor deposition method, a variety ofsputtering methods, an electron beam vapor deposition method and an ionplating method, a pyrosol method, a method of thermally decomposing anorganic metal compound, a spray method, a dipping method, a variety ofCVD methods including a MOCVD method, a electroless plating method andan electrolytic plating method.

Examples of the material of the substrate include an organic polymer(having a configuration of a polymer material such as a plastic film, aplastic sheet and a plastic substrate having a flexibility composed ofthe polymeric material) including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl phenol (PVP), polyether sulfone(PES), polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET),polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). When the substrate composed of theflexible polymer material is used, the electronic device can beincorporated into or integrated with the electronic apparatus having acurved shape, for example. Also, examples of the substrate include avariety of glass substrates, a variety of glass substrates each havingan insulation film formed on each surface, a quartz substrate, a quartzsubstrate having an insulation film formed on the surface, a siliconsemiconductor substrate, a silicon semiconductor substrate having aninsulation film formed on the surface, and a metal substrate composed ofan alloy or a metal including stainless steel. Examples of theinsulation film include an silicon oxide material (SiOx and spin-onglass(SOG)); silicon nitride (SiNY); silicon oxynitride (SiON); aluminumoxide (Al2O3); a metal oxide and a metal salt. Also, a conductivesubstrate having the insulation film formed on the surface (a metalsubstrate including gold, aluminum etc., or a highly oriented graphitesubstrate) can be used. The surface of the substrate is desirablysmooth, but may have roughness as long as the properties of thephotoelectric conversion layer are not adversely affected. On thesurface of the substrate, a silanol derivative is formed by a silanecoupling method, a thin film composed of a thiol derivative, acarboxylic acid derivative, a phosphoric acid derivative etc. is formedby a SAM method, or a thin film composed of an insulated metal salt ormetal complex is formed by a CVD method, thereby improving adhesionbetween the first electrode or the second electrode and the substrate.

In some cases, the first electrode or the second electrode may be coatedwith a coating layer. Examples of the coating layer include an inorganicinsulation material, e.g., a high dielectric insulation film of a metaloxide including a silicon oxide material, silicon nitride (SiNY) andaluminum oxide (Al2O3); an organic insulation material (an organicpolymer) such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl phenol (PVP),polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polystyrene, a silanol derivative includingN-2(aminoethyl)3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS),3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and octadecyl trichlorosilane(OTS), straight chain hydrocarbons having a functional group beingcapable of bonding to the control electrode at one end includingoctadecane thiol and dodecyl isocyanate; and a combination thereof.Examples of the silicon oxide material include silicon oxide (SiOX),BPSG, PSG, BSG, AsSG, PbSG, silicon oxynitride (SiON), SOG (spin-onglass) and a low dielectric material (for example, polyarylether,cycloperfluorocarbon polymer, benzocyclobutene, cyclic fluoro resin,polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated arylether, fluorinated polyimide,amorphous carbon and organic SOG). The insulation layer can be formed bya variety of the PVD methods described above, a variety of the CVDmethods described above, a spin coat method, a variety of the coatingmethod described above, a sol-gel method, an electrodeposition method, ashadow mask method or a spray method.

The electronic device according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure can be used for an optical sensor and an image sensor as wellas an imaging apparatus (a solid state imaging apparatus) such as atelevision camera.

First Embodiment

The first embodiment refers to an electronic device according to a firstembodiment of the present disclosure and a method of producing anelectrode for the electronic device according to a first embodiment ofthe present disclosure. FIG. 1B shows a schematic partial sectional viewof the electronic device.

Specifically, the electronic device according to the first embodiment orthe second embodiment described below includes the photoelectricconversion element, and has a first electrode 21, a second electrode 22and a photoelectric conversion layer 23 sandwiched between the firstelectrode 21 and the second electrode 22. The first electrode 21includes an amorphous oxide composed of at least a quaternary compound[Ina(Ga, Al)bZncOd] of indium (In), gallium (Ga) and/or aluminum (Al),zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O). Here, “a”, “b”, “c” and “d” can have a varietyof values. More specifically, in the electronic device according to thefirst embodiment, the second electrode 22 is formed on a substrate 10composed of a silicon semiconductor substrate, the photoelectricconversion layer 23 is formed on the second electrode 22, and the firstelectrode 21 is formed on the photoelectric conversion layer 23. Thus,the electronic device according to the first embodiment or the secondembodiment described below has a two-terminal electronic devicestructure including the first electrode 21 and the second electrode 22.In the electronic device according to the first embodiment or the secondembodiment described below a difference between a work function value ofthe second electrode 22 and a work function value of the first electrode21 is 0.4 eV or more. By setting the difference between the workfunction value of the second electrode 22 and the work function value ofthe first electrode 21 to 0.4 eV or more, based on the differencebetween the work function values, an internal electric field isgenerated in the photoelectric conversion layer 23 to improve aninternal quantum efficiency. The first electrode 21 can function as acathode (negative) electrode. In other words, the first electrode 21 canfunction as an electrode for taking out electrons. On the other hand,the second electrode 22 can function as an anode (positive) electrode.In other words, the second electrode 22 can function as an electrode fortaking out holes. The photoelectric conversion layer 23 is composed ofquinacridone having a thickness of 100 μm.

More specifically, according to the first embodiment, the firstelectrode 21 is composed of a transparent conductive material such asindium-doped gallium zinc complex oxide (IGZO). The second electrode 22is composed of a transparent conductive material such as indium tincomplex oxide (ITO). IGZO has the work function value of 4.1 eV to 4.2eV depending on the film formation conditions. ITO has the work functionvalue of 4.8 eV to 5.0 eV depending on the film formation conditions.Other materials of the first electrode 21 include indium gallium complexoxide (IGO), aluminum oxide-doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium zinc complexoxide (IZO) and gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO). Other materials of thesecond electrode 22 include indium zinc complex oxide (IZO) and tinoxide (SnO2). The above-described description is also applicable to thesecond embodiment as described below.

In the electronic device according to the first embodiment or the secondembodiment described below, the first electrode 21 has lighttransmittance of 80% or more at wavelengths of 400 nm to 660 nm. Also,the second electrode 22 has light transmittance of 80% or more atwavelengths of 400 nm to 660 nm. The light transmittances of the firstelectrode 21 and the second electrode 22 can be measured by forming thefirst electrode 21 and the second electrode 22 on a transparent glassplate. The first electrode 21 has a sheet resistance value of 3×10Ω/square to 1×103 Ω/square. More specifically, the first electrode 21composed of IGZO having a thickness of 100 μm has a sheet resistancevalue of 800 Ω/square.

Hereinafter, a method of producing an electrode for the electronicdevice according to the first embodiment, specifically, a method ofproducing the first electrode, will be described referring to FIGS. 1Aand 1B. The electrode provided by the method of producing the electrodefor the electronic device according to the first embodiment is anelectrode for a photoelectric conversion element.

[Process 100]

The substrate 10 composed of a silicon semiconductor substrate isprepared. The substrate 10 includes a driving circuit (not shown) and aphotoelectric conversion layer (not shown) for the electronic device,and wiring 11. On the surface of the substrate 10, an insulation layer12 is formed. The insulation layer 12 has an opening 13 where the wiring11 is exposed on a bottom. On the insulation layer 12 and within theopening 13, the second electrode 22 composed of ITO is formed(film-formed) by a sputtering method (see FIG. 1A).

[Process 110]

Next, the second electrode 22 is patterned. Thereafter, on an entiresurface, the photoelectric conversion layer 23 composed of quinacridoneis formed (film-formed) by a vacuum vapor deposition method. Inaddition, on the photoelectric conversion layer 23, the first electrode21 composed of IGZO is formed (film-formed) by a sputtering method. Inthis way, the electronic device having the structure shown in FIG. 1Baccording to the first embodiment can be provided.

An oxygen gas introduction amount (an oxygen gas partial pressure) iscontrolled when the first electrode 21 is formed by a sputtering methodto control the work function value of the first electrode 21. FIG. 2A isa graph showing a relationship between the oxygen gas partial pressureand the work function value of the first electrode 21. The higher thevalue of the oxygen gas partial pressure is, i.e., the lower the oxygendefects are, the higher the work function value of the first electrode21 is. The lower the value of the oxygen gas partial pressure is, i.e.,the higher the work function value of the first electrode 21 is, thelower the work function value of the first electrode 21 is. As thesputtering apparatus, a parallel flat plate sputtering apparatus or a DCmagnetron sputtering apparatus is used. As the process gas, an argon(Ar) gas is used. As the target, an InGaZnO4 sintered body is used.

In this way, in the electronic device according to the first embodiment,the oxygen gas introduction amount (the oxygen gas partial pressure) iscontrolled when the first electrode 21 is formed by a sputtering methodto control the work function value of the first electrode 21. The oxygencontent rate of the first electrode 21 is less than the oxygen contentrate of the stoichiometric composition.

FIG. 2B is a graph showing an I-V curve of the electronic devices (thephotoelectric conversion elements) according to the first embodiment andthe first comparative embodiment. In FIG. 2B, “A” represents a measuredresult of the electronic device according to the first embodiment, “B”represents a measured results of the electronic device according to thesecond embodiment as described below and “C” represents a measure resultof the electronic device according to the first comparative embodiment.The electronic device according to the first comparative embodiment issimilar to that according to the first embodiment except that the firstelectrode 21 is composed of ITO instead of IGZO. FIG. 2B reveals that inthe electronic device according to the first embodiment or the secondembodiment described below, a current value is steeply increased at areverse bias voltage of little less than 1 volt (at a bias voltage oflittle less than −1 volt). Table 1 shows values of internal quantumefficiency and values of on/off ratios of the electronic devicesaccording to the first embodiment and the first comparative embodiment.The internal quantum efficiency η is a ratio of incident photon numbersto generated electron numbers, and can be represented by the followingequation.

η={(h·c)/(q·λ)}(I/P)=(1.24/λ)(I/P)

where

h: Planck's constant

c: light speed

q: electron charge

λ: wavelength (μm) of incident light

I: light current; a current value (ampere/cm2) at the reverse biasvoltage of 1 volt measured in the first embodiment

P: power of incident light (ampere/cm2)

TABLE 1 Internal quantum On/off efficiency (%) ratio First Embodiment 392.6 Second Embodiment 55 3.4 First Comparative 5.4 1.4 Embodiment

In the electronic device according to the first comparative embodimentwhere both of the first and second electrodes are composed of ITO, thereis no difference between the work function value of the second electrodeand the work function value of the first electrode as shown in aconceptual view of an energy diagram in FIG. 3B. Therefore, the holesare easily flowed from the second electrode to the first electrode,which results in an increased dark current. In addition, as there is nodifference between the work function value of the second electrode andthe work function value of the first electrode, no potential gradient ispresent (in other words, no internal electric field is generated in thephotoelectric conversion layer) when the electrons and the holes aretaken out, which makes difficult to take out the electrons and the holessmoothly (see a conceptual view in FIG. 3D). On the other hand, in theelectronic device according to the first embodiment where the firstelectrode is composed of IGZO and second electrode is composed of ITO, adifference between the work function value of the second electrode andthe work function value of the first electrode is 0.4 eV or more. FIG.3A shows a conceptual view of an energy diagram. Therefore, the holesare prevented from flowing from the second electrode to the firstelectrode, which results in a prevention of a dark current. In addition,as there is a difference between the work function value of the secondelectrode and the work function value of the first electrode of 0.4 eVor more, a potential gradient is generated (in other words, an internalelectric field is generated in the photoelectric conversion layer) whenthe electrons and the holes are taken out. By utilizing the potentialgradient, the electrons and the holes can be taken out smoothly (see aconceptual view in FIG. 3C).

In addition, FIG. 4A is a graph showing a correlation of a differencebetween the internal quantum efficiency and the work function value.FIG. 4B is a graph showing a correlation of a difference between thedark current (the current value provided when no light is irradiated atthe reverse bias voltage of 1 volt measured in the first embodiment) andthe work function value. A horizontal axis in each of FIGS. 4A and 4Brepresents the difference between the work function value of the secondelectrode 22 and the work function value of the first electrode 21. Ahorizontal axis in each of FIGS. 5A and 5B as described below representsthe difference between the work function value of a first B layer 21B ofthe first electrode 21 and the work function value of a first A layer21A of the first electrode 21. FIGS. 4A and 4B reveal that the internalquantum efficiency is obviously increased and the dark current isobviously decreased at around 0.4 eV of the difference between the workfunction values.

As described above, as the difference between the work function value ofthe second electrode and the difference between the work function valueof the first electrode in the electronic device according to the firstembodiment is specified, a large internal electric field can begenerated in the photoelectric conversion layer based on the differencebetween the work function values, when the bias voltage (specifically,the reverse bias voltage) is applied between the first electrode and thesecond electrode. As a result, the internal quantum efficiency can beimproved, i.e., the photocurrent can be increased. In addition, the darkcurrent can be suppressed. In the method of producing an electrode forthe electronic device according to the first embodiment, the oxygen gasintroduction amount (the oxygen gas partial pressure) is controlled whenthe first electrode is formed by a sputtering method to control the workfunction value of the first electrode. As a result, a large internalelectric field can be generated in the photoelectric conversion layerbased on the difference between the work function values, therebyimproving the internal quantum efficiency, i.e., the photocurrent can beincreased. In addition, an electronic device being capable ofsuppressing a dark current can be generated simply.

Second Embodiment

The second embodiment refers to an electronic device and a method ofproducing an electrode for the electronic device according to a secondembodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 1C is a schematic partialsectional view of the electronic device according to the secondembodiment.

In the electronic device according to the second embodiment, the firstelectrode 21 has a laminated structure including the first B layer 21Band the first A layer 21A from the photoelectric conversion layer side.A work function value of the first A layer 21A of the first electrode 21is lower than a work function of the first B layer 21B of the firstelectrode 21. Specifically, a difference between the work function valueof the first A layer 21A of the first electrode 21 and the work functionof the first B layer 21B of the first electrode 21 is 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV,more specifically, 0.15 eV. A difference between the work function valueof the second electrode 22 and the work function of the first A layer21A of the first electrode 21 is 0.4 eV or more. The first electrode 21has a thickness of 1×10−8 m to 1×10−7 m, specifically 50 nm. A ratiobetween the thickness of the first A layer 21A of the first electrode 21and the thickness of the first B layer 21B of the first electrode 21 is9/1 to 1/9, specifically 9/1. Also, according to the second embodimentof the present disclosure, a difference between the work function valueof the second electrode 22 and the work function value of the first Alayer 21A of the first electrode 21 is set to 0.4 eV or more, thereby,based on the difference between the work function values, generating aninternal electric field in the photoelectric conversion layer to improvean internal quantum efficiency. When the composition of the first Alayer 21A is [Ina(Ga, Al)bZncOd] and the composition of the first Blayer 21 b is [Ina′(Ga, Al)b′Znc′Od′], a=a′, b=b′, c=c′ and d<d′. Table1 shows values of internal quantum efficiency and values of on/offratios of the electronic devices according to the second embodiment.FIG. 2B shows an I-V curve of the electronic device (the photoelectricconversion element) according to the second embodiment. FIG. 5A is agraph showing a correlation of a difference between the internal quantumefficiency and the work function value. FIG. 5B is a graph showing acorrelation of a difference between a dark current (the current valueprovided when no light is irradiated at the reverse bias voltage of 1volt measured also in the second embodiment) and the work functionvalue. FIGS. 5A and 5B reveal that the internal quantum efficiency isobviously increased and the dark current is obviously decreased as thedifference between the work function value of the first A layer of thefirst electrode and the work function value of the first B layer of thefirst electrode is increased to around 0.2 eV.

In the method of producing the electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to the second embodiment, the oxygen gas introduction amountis controlled when the first electrode is formed by a sputtering methodin a process similar to [Process-110] in the first embodiment, therebycontrolling the work function values of the first A layer 21A and thefirst B layer 21B of the first electrode 2, as shown in the graph inFIG. 2A.

In the electronic device according to the second embodiment, the firstelectrode has the first A layer and the first B layer, and thedifference between the work function values of the first A layer and thefirst B layer is specified. Therefore, the work function of the firstelectrode can be optimized, thereby exchanging (migrating) carriers moreeasily.[Third Embodiment]

The third embodiment refers to a solid state imaging apparatus accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure. The solid state imagingapparatus according to the third embodiment include the electronicdevice (specifically, the photoelectric conversion element) according tothe first embodiment or second embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a conceptual view of the solid state imaging apparatus (thesolid state imaging element) according to the third embodiment. A solidstate imaging apparatus 40 according to the third embodiment is composedof an imaging area 41 where the electronic devices (the photoelectricconversion elements) 30 described in the first embodiment or the secondembodiment are arranged in a two dimensional array on the semiconductorsubstrate (for example, the silicon semiconductor substrate), a verticaldriving circuit 42, column signal processing circuits 43, a horizontaldriving circuit 44, an output circuit 45 and a control circuit 46, etc.all of which are peripheral circuits. These circuits can be configuredof well-known circuits. It will be appreciated that other circuitconfigurations (for example, a variety of circuits used in a CCD imagingapparatus and a CMOS imaging apparatus in the related art) can be used.

The control circuit 46 generates clock signals and control signals foroperating the vertical driving circuit 42, the column signal processingcircuits 43 and the horizontal driving circuit 44 based on verticalsynchronizing signals, horizontal synchronizing signals and a masterclock. The clock signals and the control signals generated are inputtedto the vertical driving circuit 42, the column signal processingcircuits 43 and the horizontal driving circuit 44.

The vertical driving circuit 42 is composed of shift resistors, forexample, and selects and scans sequentially the respective electronicdevices 30 in the imaging area 41 per row in a vertical direction. Pixelsignals based on a current (signals) generated depending on the amountof light received in the respective electronic devices 30 are sent tothe column signal processing circuits 43 via vertical signal lines 47.

The column signal processing circuits 43 are arranged per column of theelectronic devices 30, for example, and perform signal processings suchas noise removal and signal amplification of signals outputted from theelectronic devices 30 in a row by signals from black reference pixels(not shown, formed around effective pixel regions) per electronicdevice. Horizontal selection switches (not shown) are disposed andconnected between the output stages of the column signal processingcircuits 43 and a horizontal signal line 48.

The horizontal driving circuit 44 is configured of shift resistors, forexample, and sequentially outputs a horizontal scan pulse tosequentially select the respective column signal processing circuits 43and to output signals from the respective column signal processingcircuits 43 to the horizontal signal line 48.

The output circuit 45 performs signal processing to the signalssequentially supplied from the respective column signal processingcircuits 43 via the horizontal signal line 48 and outputs them.

Although it depends on the materials of the photoelectric conversionlayer, the photoelectric conversion layer itself can function as a colorfilter. Therefore, when no color filter is disposed, a color separationis possible. However, as the case may be, a well-known color filter thattransmits a specific wavelength such as red, green, blue, cyan, magenta,yellow or the like may be disposed above the electronic devices 30 at alight incident side. The solid state imaging apparatus may be a surfaceirradiation type or a rear surface irradiation type. In addition, ashutter may be disposed in order to control light incident on theelectronic devices 30, as necessary.

While the present disclosure is described herein with reference toillustrative embodiments, it should be understood that the presentdisclosure is not limited thereto. The structure, the configuration, theproduction conditions, the production method, and the materials used forthe electronic devices (the photoelectric conversion element) and thesolid state imaging apparatus described in Embodiment are illustrativeand can be changed as necessary. When the electronic device according tothe embodiment of the present disclosure is used as a solar cell, thephotoelectric conversion layer may be irradiated with light while novoltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode.The electronic device according to the embodiment of the presentdisclosure can be used for an optical sensor and an image sensor as wellas the imaging apparatus (the solid state imaging apparatus) such as atelevision camera.

The present disclosure may have the following configurations.

[A01]<<Electronic Device: First Embodiment>>

An electronic device, including:

a first electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectric conversionlayer sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode,

the first electrode including an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium, gallium and/or aluminum, zinc and oxygen,and

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode being 0.4 eV or more.

[A02] The electronic device according to [A01] above, in which

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode is set to 0.4 eV or more, and

based on the difference between the work function values, an internalelectric field is generated in the photoelectric conversion layer toimprove an internal quantum efficiency.

[BO1]<<Electronic Device: Second Embodiment>>

An electronic device, including:

a first electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectric conversionlayer sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode,

the first electrode including an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium, gallium and/or aluminum, zinc and oxygen,

the first electrode having a laminated structure including a first Blayer and a first A layer from a photoelectric conversion layer side,and

a work function value of the first A layer of the first electrode beinglower than a work function of the first B layer of the first electrode.

[B02] The electronic device according to [BO1] above, in which adifference between the work function value of the first A layer 21A ofthe first electrode 21 and the work function of the first B layer 21B ofthe first electrode 21 is 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV.

[B03] The electronic device according to [B01] or [B02] above, in which

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first A layer of the first electrode is 0.4eV or more.

[B04] The electronic device according to any one of [B01] to [B03]above, in which

the first electrode has a thickness of 1×10−8 m to 1×10−7 m, and

a ratio between the thickness of the first A layer of the firstelectrode and the thickness of the first B layer of the first electrodeis 9/1 to 1/9.

[B05] The electronic device according to any one of [B01] to [B04]above, in which

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode is set to 0.4 eV or more, and

based on the difference between the work function values, an internalelectric field is generated in the photoelectric conversion layer toimprove an internal quantum efficiency.

[C01] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [B05]above, in which the work function value of the first electrode is 4.1 eVto 4.5 eV.

[C02] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [C01]above, in which

the first electrode is composed of indium gallium complex oxide,indium-doped gallium zinc complex oxide, aluminum oxide-doped zinc oxideindium zinc complex oxide or gallium-doped zinc oxide.

[C03] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [c02]above, in which

the second electrode is composed of indium tin complex oxide, indiumzinc complex oxide or tin oxide.

[C04] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [C03]above, in which

the first electrode has light transmittance of 80% or more atwavelengths of 400 nm to 660 nm.

[C05] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [C04]above, in which

the first electrode has a sheet resistance value of 3×10 Ω/square to1×103 Ω/square.

[C06] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [C05]above, in which

an oxygen gas introduction amount is controlled when the first electrodeis formed by a sputtering method to control the work function value ofthe first electrode.

[C07] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [C06]above, in which

an oxygen content rate of the first electrode is less than an oxygencontent rate of a stoichiometric composition.

[C08] The electronic device according to any one of [A01] to [C07]above, which is a photoelectric conversion element.

[D01] A solid state imaging apparatus including the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [A01] to [C08] above.

[E01]<<Method of Producing Electrode for Electronic Device: FirstEmbodiment>>

A method of producing an electrode for an electronic device including afirst electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectric conversion layersandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode,

the first electrode including an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium, gallium and/or aluminum, zinc and oxygen,

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode being 0.4 eV or more,

an oxygen gas introduction amount being controlled when the firstelectrode is formed by a sputtering method to control the work functionvalue of the first electrode.

[E02] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to [E01], in which

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode is set to 0.4 eV or more, and

based on the difference between the work function values, an internalelectric field is generated in the photoelectric conversion layer toimprove an internal quantum efficiency.

[E03]<<Method of Producing Electrode for Electronic Device: SecondEmbodiment>>

A method of producing an electrode for an electronic device including afirst electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectric conversion layersandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode,

the first electrode including an amorphous oxide composed of at least aquaternary compound of indium, gallium and/or aluminum, zinc and oxygen,

the first electrode having a laminated structure including a first Blayer and a first A layer from a photoelectric conversion layer side,

a work function value of the first A layer of the first electrode beinglower than a work function of the first B layer of the first electrode,and

an oxygen gas introduction amount being controlled when the firstelectrode is formed by a sputtering method to control the work functionvalue of the first electrode.

[E04] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to [E03] in which,

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first A layer of the first electrode is 0.4eV or more.

[E05] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to [E03] or [E04] in which,

the first electrode has a thickness of 1×10−8 m to 1×10−7 m, and

a ratio between the thickness of the first A layer of the firstelectrode and the thickness of the first B layer of the first electrodeis 9/1 to 1/9.

[E06] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E03] to [E05 in which,

a difference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first electrode is set to 0.4 eV or more, and

based on the difference between the work function values, an internalelectric field is generated in the photoelectric conversion layer toimprove an internal quantum efficiency.

[E07] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E06], in which

an oxygen content rate of the first electrode is less than an oxygencontent rate of a stoichiometric composition.

[E08] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E07] in which,

the work function value of the first electrode is 4.1 eV to 4.5 eV.

[E09] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E07] in which,

the first electrode is composed of indium gallium complex oxide,indium-doped gallium zinc complex oxide, aluminum oxide-doped zinc oxideindium zinc complex oxide or gallium-doped zinc oxide.

[E10] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E09] in which,

the second electrode is composed of indium tin complex oxide, indiumzinc complex oxide or tin oxide.

[E11] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E10] in which,

the first electrode has light transmittance of 80% or more atwavelengths of 400 nm to 660 nm.

[E12] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E11] in which,

the first electrode has a sheet resistance value of 3×10 Ω/square to1×103 Ω/square.

[E13] The method of producing an electrode for the electronic deviceaccording to any one of [E01] to [E12] which is a photoelectricconversion element.

It should be understood that various changes and modifications to thepresently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present subjectmatter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is thereforeintended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appendedclaims.

The invention is claimed as follows:
 1. An electronic device,comprising: a first electrode, a second electrode and a photoelectricconversion layer sandwiched between the first electrode and the secondelectrode, the first electrode including an amorphous oxide including aquaternary compound including one or more of indium, gallium andaluminum and further including zinc and oxygen, the first electrodehaving a laminated structure including a first B layer and a first Alayer from a photoelectric conversion layer side, and a work functionvalue of the first A layer of the first electrode being lower than awork function of the first B layer of the first electrode.
 2. Theelectronic device according to claim 1, wherein a difference between thework function value of the first A layer of the first electrode and thework function of the first B layer of the first electrode is 0.1 eV to0.2 eV.
 3. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein adifference between a work function value of the second electrode and awork function value of the first A layer of the first electrode is 0.4eV or more.
 4. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein thefirst electrode has a thickness of 1×10⁻⁸ m to 1×10⁻⁷ m, and a ratiobetween the thickness of the first A layer of the first electrode andthe thickness of the first B layer of the first electrode is 9/1 to 1/9.5. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein a differencebetween a work function value of the second electrode and a workfunction value of the first electrode is set to 0.4 eV or more, andbased on the difference between the work function values, an internalelectric field is generated in the photoelectric conversion layer toimprove an internal quantum efficiency.
 6. The electronic deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the work function value of the firstelectrode is 4.1 eV to 4.5 eV.
 7. The electronic device according toclaim 1, wherein the first electrode includes an indium gallium complexoxide, an indium-doped gallium zinc complex oxide, an aluminumoxide-doped zinc oxide or a gallium-doped zinc oxide.
 8. The electronicdevice according to claim 1, wherein the second electrode includes anindium tin complex oxide, an indium zinc complex oxide or a tin oxide.9. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the firstelectrode has light transmittance of 80% or more at wavelengths of 400nm to 660 nm.
 10. The electronic device according to claim 1, whereinthe first electrode has a sheet resistance value of 3×10 Ω/square to1×10³ Ω/square.